A Species Conservation Strategy (SCS) is a blueprint for saving a species or group of species, across all or part of the species’ range.
A SCS should contain a Status Review, a Vision and Goals for saving the species, Objectives that need to be met to achieve the Goals, and Actions that will accomplish those Objectives.
The test for species conservation planning is that it results in improved conservation status for the planned species. It should be appreciated that while species may face immediate problems of biological origin, their effective conservation needs solutions that will require responses by society, and may therefore require changes in behaviour at the level of individuals, communities or local and central governments.
There are two obvious ways to increase the chance of successful conservation interventions:
The components of a SCS are as follows:
To be strategic, any Plan or Strategy should be characterised thus:
A SCS should contain a Status Review, a Vision and Goals for saving the species, Objectives that need to be met to achieve the Goals, and Actions that will accomplish those Objectives.
The test for species conservation planning is that it results in improved conservation status for the planned species. It should be appreciated that while species may face immediate problems of biological origin, their effective conservation needs solutions that will require responses by society, and may therefore require changes in behaviour at the level of individuals, communities or local and central governments.
There are two obvious ways to increase the chance of successful conservation interventions:
- to ensure the correct range of people and organisations is involved in the planning process;
- to include individuals with the right skills in the social sciences and psychology who can appreciate the complexities and potential for encouraging the necessary behaviour changes.
The components of a SCS are as follows:
- A range-wide Status Review (incorporating a threat analysis). This Status Review defines the historical and current distribution of the species, states population sizes (or at least gives some measure of relative abundance), evaluates population trends, and identifies losses and threats. The Status Review should, where available, be informed by the appropriate Red List Assessment(s) and supporting documentation from the Red List Unit of the IUCN Species Programme and the Species Information Service (SIS). The completed Status Review should also in turn feed back into the Red List process.
- A range-wide (or in some cases a regional) Vision, which is an inspirational description of the participants’ desired future state for the species, and a set of associated Goals. These Goals are a rephrasing of the Vision in operational terms to capture in greater detail what needs to be achieved, and where, to save the species. Both the Vision and the Goals have the same geographical and temporal scale. The Goals have a set of associated Goal Targets (refer to the entity being conserved), which are a medium-term (typically 5–10 years) subset of the Goals. Goal Targets represent those Goals (and/or the necessary steps towards those Goals) that can realistically be achieved over the lifetime of the SCS. Like all targets, Goal Targets should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound).
- A set of Objectives needed to achieve the Goal Targets over the stated timespan. Objectives address the main threats to the species identified in the Status Review process and the other constraints on achieving the Vision and Goals. In fact, Objectives can be thought of as the inverse of key threats and constraints. Each Objective should also have a SMART Objective Target. Objectives are typically developed using some form of problem analysis (e.g., “problem tree” methods). Each Objective is usually associated with one or more SMART Objective Targets.
- Actions to address each Objective Target. Actions are the activities which need to be performed in order to achieve the Objectives, Goals, and, ultimately, the Vision. Recommendations for Actions should ideally provide details of what needs to be done, where, when, and by whom. Actions are typically short-term (usually 1–5 years).
To be strategic, any Plan or Strategy should be characterised thus:
- It should start with a high-level question such as ‘What do we want for this species within so many years?’ and then progressively work down in terms of time horizons and detailed answers to the question, ending up with the tactics required to implement the strategy.
- It must involve the full range of organisations and individuals that have interests in the species and its habitat.
- A strategic approach should include the social, political and cultural environments in which conservation actions will be taken, acknowledging that the most effective interventions for species may depend on the activities and behaviours of local people.
- A strategic approach explicitly acknowledges the dynamic cycle of learning by doing and then adapting in pursuit of the longerterm ambition, in contrast to a one-off set of responses or actions.
- A strategic approach includes consideration of the resources, risks, priorities and other aspects of implementation.
Conservation Strategies
Conservation Strategies: General
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Global Priorities for Conserving Sharks and Rays: A 2015–2025 Strategy
Bräutigam, A., Callow, M., Campbell, I.R., Camhi, M.D., Cornish, A.S., Dulvy, N.K., Fordham, S.V., Fowler, S.L., Hood, A.R., McClennen, C., Reuter, E.L., Sant, G., Simpfendorfer, C.A. and Welch, D.J. (2015). Global Priorities for Conserving Sharks and Rays: A 2015–2025 Strategy. |
Conservation Strategy: Sawfish
Sawfishes are arguably the most threatened family of marine fishes in the world. The global populations of all five sawfish species have experienced historic declines greater than 90% due to fisheries overexploitation (directed and bycatch) and habitat loss. Consequently, three species are listed on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, and two species are listed as Endangered. There is a very real risk that these unique species will be lost without urgent conservation action.
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Harrison, L.R. and Dulvy, N.K. (eds). 2014. Sawfish: A Global Strategy for Conservation. IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada.
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Harrison, L.R. and Dulvy, N.K. (eds). 2014. Une stratégie globale pour la conservation des poissons-scies. Version française (abrégée). Groupe des Specialistes de Requins et Raies de l’UICN, Vancouver, Canada.
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Harrison, L.R. & Dulvy, N.K. (eds) 2016. Uma estrat.gia global para a conservaçao do peixe-serra. Versao em português (resumida). Grupo de Especialistas em Raias e Tubar.es da UICN, Vancouver, Canadá.
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Infographic
Saving Sawfish A Strategy to Recover World's Most Endangered Marine Fish |
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Saving Sawfish | Progress and Priorities
An Update on the Global Strategy to Protect the World’s Most Threatened Marine Fishes Fordham SV, Jabado R, Kyne PM, Charvet P, Dulvy NK. 2018. Saving Sawfish: Progress and Priorities. IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada. 6 pp. |
Conservation Strategy: Angelsharks
Angel sharks were once widespread throughout Europe’s seas, but are now extinct from much of their former range. In particular, the Angel Shark (Squatina squatina) historically ranged from Scandinavia down to north-western Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Canary Islands. Over the past several decades, overfishing and high bycatch of this species has severely depleted and fragmented these populations, leading to this species being listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2006.
Angelshark Action Plan for the Canary Islands
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English
Barker, J., Bartoli, A., Clark, M., Dulvy, N.K., Gordon, C., Hood, A., Alvarado, D.J., Lawson, J. & Meyers, E. (2016) Angelshark Action Plan for the Canary Islands. ZSL.
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Spanish
Barker, J., Bartoli, A., Clark, M., Dulvy, N.K., Gordon, C., Hood, A., Jiménez Alvarado, D., Lawson, J. & Meyers, E. (2016) Plan de Acción para el Angelote en las Islas Canarias. ZSL.
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Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Angel Shark Conservation Strategy
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Mediterranean Angel Sharks Regional Action Plan
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English
Gordon, C.A., Hood, A.R., Al Mabruk, S. A. A., Barker, J., Bartolí, A., Ben Abdelhamid, S., Bradai, M.N., Dulvy, N.K., Fortibuoni, T., Giovos, I., Jimenez Alvarado, D., Meyers, E.K.M., Morey, G., Niedermuller, S., Pauly, A., Serena, F. and Vacchi, M. 2019. Mediterranean Angel Sharks: Regional Action Plan. The Shark Trust, United Kingdom. 36 pp.
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French
Gordon, C.A., Hood, A.R., Al Mabruk, S. A. A., Barker, J., Bartolí, A., Ben Abdelhamid, S., Bradai, M.N., Dulvy, N.K., Fortibuoni, T., Giovos, I., Jimenez Alvarado, D., Meyers, E.K.M., Morey, G., Niedermuller, S., Pauly, A., Serena, F. and Vacchi, M. 2019. Angelotes del Mediterráneo: Plan de Acción Regional. The Shark Trust, Reino Unido. 36 pp.
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Spanish
Gordon, C.A.; Hood, A.R.; Al Mabruk, S.A.A.; Barker, J.; Bartolí, A.; Ben Abdelhamid S.; Bradai, M.N.; Dulvy, N.K.; Fortibuoni, T.; Giovos, I.; Jimenez Alvarado, D.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Morey, G.; Niedermuller, S.; Pauly, A.; Serena, F. et Vacchi, M. 2019. Les anges de mer de la Méditerranée : Plan d’action régional. The Shark Trust, Royaume-Uni. 36 p.
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Arabic
المستند∫†غوردن،†كƆأÆ؛†هود،†عƆرÆ؛†المبروك،†سƆأÆأÆ؛†باركر،†جÆ؛†بارتولي،†أÆ؛†بن†عبد†الحميد،†سÆ؛†براداي،
مƆنÆ؛†دولفي،†نƆكÆ؛†فورتيبووني،†تÆ؛†جيوفوس،†يÆ؛†خيمينيز†ألفاردو،†دÆ؛†مايرز،†إƆكƆمÆ؛†موري،†غÆ؛
نييدرمولر،†سÆ؛†بولي،†أÆ؛†سيرينا،†فÆ؛†وفاتشي†مƆ2019†Æ†القرش†الملائكي†المتوسطي∫†خطة†عمل†إقليميةÆ
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Mediterranean Angel Sharks
SubRegional Action Plan (SubRAP)
GSAs 22-23 (Aegean Sea and Crete)
Cat A. Gordon, Ali R. Hood, Ioannis Giovos, Roxani Naasan Aga – Spyridopoulou, Ayaka A. Ozturk, Cahide Cigdem Yigin, Emre Fakioğlu, Dimitris Ibrahim, Hakan Kabasakal, Ayse Oruc, Simone Niedermüller
SubRegional Action Plan (SubRAP)
GSAs 22-23 (Aegean Sea and Crete)
Cat A. Gordon, Ali R. Hood, Ioannis Giovos, Roxani Naasan Aga – Spyridopoulou, Ayaka A. Ozturk, Cahide Cigdem Yigin, Emre Fakioğlu, Dimitris Ibrahim, Hakan Kabasakal, Ayse Oruc, Simone Niedermüller
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English
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Greek
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Turkish
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Extinction risk and conservation of critically endangered angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea
Lawson, J. M., Pollom, R. A., Gordon, C. A., Barker, J., Meyers, E. K. M., Zidowitz, H., Ellis, J. R., Bartolı´,A´ ., Morey, G., Fowler, S. L., Alvarado, D. J., Fordham, S. V, Sharp, R., Hood, A. R., and Dulvy, N. K. Extinction risk and conservation of critically endangered angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz222. |
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Wales Angelshark Action Plan
Barker, J., Davies, J., Wray, B., Sharp, R., Gollock, M., Evans, J., O’Connor, J., Evans, S., Gordon, C., Moore, A., Nelson, M., Dulvy, N.K., Hiddink, J., Fish, J., Jiménez Alvarado, D., Brittain, R., Meyers, E., Goralczyk, M., Bull, J., Jones, N., Sims, W. & Clark, M. 2020. Wales Angelshark Action Plan. Zoological Society of London, UK. 42 pp. |
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Strengthening Angel Shark Conservation in the Southern Aegean Sea
Giovos, I., Katsada, D., Naasan Aga Spyridopoulou, R., Doxa, A., Katsanevakis, S., Sini, M., Oikonomou, V., Poursanidis, D., Hood, A.R. Strengthening Angel Shark Conservation in the Southern Aegean Sea. iSea, Greece, 12pp. |
Conservation Strategy: Devil and Manta Rays
Devil and Manta Rays (Mobulidae) are a family of species that are highly mobile, broadly distributed and routinely cross international boundaries. They are globally threatened by directed and non-directed fisheries that retain these fishes for their gill plates, which are highly valued in Asian markets. Over the past five years, restrictions on fishing and trade have been increasing for both devil and manta rays.
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Conserving Mobulid Rays
A Global Strategy & Action Plan |
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Sympathy for the devil: a conservation strategy for devil and manta rays
Lawson JM, Fordham SV, O’Malley MP, Davidson LNK, Walls RHL, Heupel MR, Stevens G, Fernando D, Budziak A, Simpfendorfer CA, Ender I, Francis MP, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Dulvy NK. 2017. Sympathy for the devil: a conservation strategy for devil and manta rays. PeerJ 5:e3027 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3027 |
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Research Priorities to Support Effective Manta and Devil Ray Conservation
Stewart JD, Jaine FRA, Armstrong AJ, Armstrong AO, Bennett MB, Burgess KB, Couturier LIE, Croll DA, Cronin MR, Deakos MH, Dudgeon CL, Fernando D, Froman N, Germanov ES, Hall MA, Hinojosa-Alvarez S, Hosegood JE, Kashiwagi T, Laglbauer BJL, Lezama-Ochoa N, Marshall AD, McGregor F, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Palacios MD, Peel LR, Richardson AJ, Rubin RD, Townsend KA, Venables SK and Stevens GMW (2018) Research Priorities to Support Effective Manta and Devil Ray Conservation. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:314. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00314 |
